PTE ACADEMIC MOCK TEST-13-SUMMARIZE WRITTEN TEXT

PTE ACADEMIC MOCK TEST-13-SUMMARIZE WRITTEN TEXT

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With the large multinational coffee companies focused purely on coffee as a commodity rather than a drink to be savored, it allowed a new sector to emerge in the coffee industry: specialty coffee. Specialty coffee was nothing new, rather the opposite. It stripped coffee making back down to the grass roots: pure Arabica beans, roasted long enough for the coffee to fully develop all its characteristics and flavors.

During the “Dark Age” of coffee, there was still excellent coffee available if you knew where to look for it. A number of small cafes and shops continued to trade, sourcing and roasting high-quality Arabica beans. These outlets were typically run and frequented by immigrants (usually Arabs, Turks, Greeks and Italians), far from the mainstream.

All this began to change in the 1960s, with the post-World War II “Baby Boomers” coming into adulthood. Many of this generation were keen not to follow in their parent’s footsteps, preferring to act in a more bohemian way. For them, these cafes and shops were an ideal place to meet, read poetry, take drugs and experience alternative culture.

One such coffee shop in Berkeley (California) is widely credited as being the main inspiration on the emergence of the specialty coffee sector. Peet’s Coffee & Tea store opened in 1966 by Alfred Peet (dubbed the ‘grandfather of specialty coffee’) and enthused a number of its customers, who later became key players in the specialty sector. Peet, an immigrant from Alkmaar (Holland), had developed a distinctive style of roasting coffee from working in his family’s coffee and tea business. After immigrating to California, aged thirty-five, he opened his shop employing his artisan coffee roasting techniques to build a loyal customer base. Peet’s coffee was so loved that he even had his own set of groupies: the ‘Peetniks’.

Two of Peet’s most important customers (historically) were a couple of Seattle coffee lovers named Jerry Baldwin and Gordon Bowker. In 1971, after tasting Peet’s fine brews, they were inspired to open their own coffee shop back in Seattle called Starbucks. Starbucks opened as a bean-only-store, steadily building a loyal customer base during the 70s and early 80s through its fine Arabica beans and darker roasts.

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PTE ACADEMIC MOCK TEST-13-SUMMARIZE WRITTEN TEXT

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In 1952, Pope Pius XII’s apostolic constitution Exsul Familia Nazarethana definitively established the church’s responsibilities toward migrants and refugees. Published in the wake of the Second World War, the constitution holds up the Holy Family as the model for all migrant families, a theme introduced in its opening paragraphs: “The émigré Holy Family of Nazareth, fleeing into Egypt, is the archetype of every refugee family. Jesus, Mary and Joseph, living in exile in Egypt to escape the fury of an evil king, are, for all times and all places, the models and protectors of every migrant, alien and refugee of whatever kind who, whether compelled by fear of persecution or by want, is forced to leave his native land, his beloved parents and relatives, his close friends, and to seek a foreign soil.

“For the almighty and most merciful God decreed that His only Son, “being made like unto men and appearing in the form of a man,” should, together with His Immaculate Virgin Mother and His holy guardian Joseph, be in this type too of hardship and grief, the firstborn among many brethren, and precede them in it.”

PTE ACADEMIC MOCK TEST-13-SUMMARIZE WRITTEN TEXT